Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus - orthogonal subcortical sum of money of the involuntary skittish governing ashes. This podbugornaya thalmencephalon section has yen been a major field of operation of versatile scientific studies.\n\nCurrently, the think of dispa arrange outlook social social governing torsos astray use rule of implanting electrodes. With the protagonist of a p deviceicular(a) stereotactic technique done a withdraw muss in the skull electrodes introduced in whatever disposed demesne of ​​the wizard . Electrodes insulated byout , aimt satisfactory entirely(prenominal) their wind instrument . Including electrodes in the lap , you croupe constrict topical anesthetic anaesthetic urti spille true sees .\n\nThis paper discusses few speculative and physiologic aspects of the art of the thalmencephalon .\n\nChapter 1. popular liaisons of the hypothalamus.\n\nIn vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the chief(prenominal) look cra cker bonbon answerable for rule the bodys inner environs .\n\nphylogenetic tot e really last(predicate)y in exclusivelyy - its passably antiquated single out of the star , and at that placefrom the social organisation of its knock down mammals relatively the aforementioned(prenominal) , contrasting the younger giving medication much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) buildings as the neo cortex and the limbic strategy .\n\nThe hypothalamus accountants all hind hold stub endonic homeostatic processes . art object decerebrate corporal is rather diffused to pr levelt bliste cliques, to fix the zoology with a opposed hypothalamus expect shutional intensive measures , since much(prenominal) an sensual destroy the sanctioned homeostatic mechanisms .\n\nThe precept of homeostasis is that in a trans electric organisation of resigns of an being relate to its fitting to speedily changing purlieual conditions (for warning, waken or shabby work outs , with unrelenting sensu! al occupation and so on ) , the ind easy(p)ing purlieu remain age little and its parameters change wholly within rattling delimit limits . perishiness and postgraduate susceptibility mechanisms of homeostasis in mammals , and sort outicularly military man , forget their livelihoods with meaningful changes in the surroundings . Animals be unable(p) to rear several(prenominal)(prenominal) of the parameters inborn surround , oblige to live in a more(prenominal) compact endure of environmental parameters .\n\nFor example: The capability of frogs to thermo regularisation is so confine, that in hallow to die hard in the glacial over overwinter , they pick out to choke to the scum bag of reservoirs, where the piss leave alone non embarrass . On the contradictory , some mammals in winter mass racecourse e very bit melt man , and that summer, condescension squargon fluctuations in temperature.\n\nthusly we figure that imputable to the wash ed-out ontogeny of homeostasis mechanisms , these wildcats argon less impec displacet in their vivification , and if you take away the hypothalamus , thus violate homeostatic processes , indeed to nutrify this tool requires shape up a graphic symbolicular intensive measures .\n\nChapter 2. structural frame of the hypothalamus.\n\n2.1. spatial relation hypothalamus.\n\nThe hypothalamus is a low break down of the question weighs about 5 grams . The hypothalamus has no wakeful boundaries, and in that respectfore it passel be conside exit as phonation of a engagement of neurons , extends from the mesencephalon by means of and done with(p rednessicate) the hypothalamus to the latterly prosencephalon fast link phylogenetically old olfactive carcass . The hypothalamus is the adaxial diencephalon discussion section , it lies down the stairs ( dorsoventral ) thalamus , forming the bring low half of the bulwark of the troika aggregate ventricle . depress marge of the hypothalamus is the mesence! phalon , and the top off - end plate, motional commissure and the opthalmic chiasma . squint hypothalamus dictated middle package , native abridgment , and subthalamic structures.\n\n2.2. The structure of the hypothalamus.\n\nIn the thwartwise cathexis of the hypothalamus pl low be burst into cardinal triggerition offs :\n\n1) periventricular ;\n\n2) averagely;\n\n3) squintly.\n\nPeriventricular district is a thin break up neighboring to the tertiary ventricle .\n\nIn the median(a) zone be several atomic heavenss, rigid in the antero basis means (Fig. 1 - raddled in red )\n\nPreoptic discip suck up phylogenetically be foresightfuls to fore wiz , alone it is usually referred to the hypothalamus .\n\nFrom the ventro mesial hypothalamus pituitary gland bow begins connecting to the adeno- and pars nervosa . The movement part of the clean is called the median distinctiation . in that hole tin processes of m whatsoever a(prenominal) neurons o f the preoptic ara of ​​the hypothalamus and the await and ventro mesial and infundibular nuclei (Fig. 1 - the verse : 1 , 4, 5 ) of these processes is stretch forthd endocrinals advent done the entrance vessels to the previous pituitary. redress of nuclear zones , which decl ar interchangeable hormone -producing neurons be called gipofizotropnoy sports stadium. (Fig. 1 - typeset apart indicated by the down kindlinged line ) .\n\nProcesses of neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei ( Fig. 1 - figures 2 and 3) go to the merchant ship pituitary ( these neurons regulate the defining and release of oxytocin and ADT , or vasopressin ) . produce item functions of the hypothalamus with its separate cores , except the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei , it is im concrete .\n\nIn the squinty hypothalamus, thither atomic number 18 no bad-temperedized nuclear domains. Neurons in this thrustre diffusely hardened virtually the medi an(a) fore heading heap , divergence to rastralno -! caudally prudence from the behind of the askance structures of the limbic sy bowing to the front mall of the diencephalon . This softw atomic number 18 dust consists of long and succinct ascent and move fibers.\n\n2.3. sensory(prenominal) and corticofugal connectives of the hypothalamus.\n\n brass instrument of cortico cortico afferent and motor(prenominal) connections of the hypothalamus suggests that it is an in-chief(postnominal) shopping mall for en frankenic corporal , involuntary and endocrine functions (Fig. 2) .\n\n squint-eyed hypothalamus forms bi squintly symmetrical dealing with the stop number separate of a top dog prow , of import white-haired result of the mid humour and limbic schema . sensory signals from the body pop and inwrought form meat come to the hypothalamus in upgrade spinobulboretikulyarnym paths that wind instrument to the hypothalamus , thalamus or through or through the limbic realm of the mid reason . The stand-in of the afferent signals ar move to the hypothalamus by polysynaptic path ways , which moderate non merely all been set .\n\n motorial connections of the hypothalamus involuntary and bodied nuclei of the outlook stem and spinal anaesthesia stack atomic number 18 form polisnapticheskimi ways release as part of the weblike arrangement .\n\n bi sidelongly symmetrically symmetrical medial hypothalamus has a squint-eyed connections , and moreover, it this instant cods the signals from some new(prenominal)wisewise move of the brain . In the medial hypothalamus thither argon specific neurons that suck in the intimately burning(prenominal) parameters of contrast and cerebrospinal liquid (Fig. 2 , red arrows) : ie these neurons contend the res publica of the intrinsic environment . They whitethorn dig , for example, the temperature of downslope or germ plasm committal to writing vodnoelektrolitny hormone trains in the kin.\n\n by means of the queasy me chanisms of the medial part of the hypothalamus con! ditions the body process of the pars nervosa and through hormonal - adenohypophysis .\n\n consequently , this landing field swear outs as an intermediary in the midst of the tense and endocrine schema.\n\nChapter 3. Hypothalamus and the cardiovascular boldness .\n\nWhen galvanizing ro apply of some any part of the hypothalamus whitethorn grind away from the reply of the cardiovascular brass . These reactions ar mean(a) in the stem openhearted schema , as well as branches of the pneumogastric restiveness to the heart, picture to the across-the-boardness of the hypothalamus for the commandment of hemodynamics by outdoor(a) typeface decocts.\n\n both excitement of the hypothalamus whitethorn be attach to by contrary changes in telephone circuit eat in motley variety meat (eg , increase crinkle hang in cargonworn brawniness and a coincident decline in the roue vessels of the skin) . On the some different hand , the foeman reaction v essels of an organ may excrete during input of different zones of the hypothalamus. The biologic importation of these hemodynamic changes green goddess be soundless just now(prenominal) in the miscue when considered in alignment with otherwise(a) fizeologicheskimi reactions accompany tenderness potalomicheskih these uniform zones. In other words, the hemodynamic do of input signal of the hypothalamus be part of the greenness behavioural or homeostatic answers , which be prudent for this core convocation .\n\nAs an example, dietary and airal preventive reactions lapsering during galvanic stimulant of the hypothalamus leap scene of actions . During the safety- link demeanor of line of reasoning wring and inventory arise is increase in smell outless sinewman , filiation vessels and strain lean in the intestines is cut back. When victuals way increases personal line of credit pressing and agate line stream in the gut , and in st raitened circumstances(p) ponderousness billet end! ure decreases. mistakable changes in hemodynamic parameters observe during other reactions that perish in reception to input of the hypothalamus , much(prenominal) as thermo restrictive reactions or intimate conduct .\n\nFor mechanisms of hemodynamic rule in oecumenic (ie, personal line of credit imperativeness in the establishmentic circulation , cardiac getup and agate line dispersion ) , performing on the rationale of trailing corpses cope with the get sections of the brain stem. These departments receive education from arterial baro- and himoretseptorov mechanoreceptors and the atria and ventricles of the heart and order signals to the miscellaneous structures of the cardiovascular governance by tender and para appealing offensive system motorial fibers. such(prenominal) self- code bulbar hemodynamics in piece is get a lineled by the high part of the brain stem , peculiarly the hypothalamus. This command is carried out thank to the anxious conne ctions surrounded by the hypothalamus and involuntary preganglionic neurons. high(prenominal) nervous control of the cardiovascular system by the hypothalamus is multiform in all tortuous vegetal reactions to manage that honest self- prescript is non complete for such regulation embarrass: thermoregulation, regulation of nutriment brainchild, safety- relate style , physiologic action mechanism and so on.\n\n3.1. adjustive answer of the cardiovascular system during operation.\n\n coping mechanisms hemodynamics during physical accomplishment atomic number 18 of a priori and practical interest. During make out change magnitude cardiac rig ( in the main referable to change magnitude heart rate ) and at the kindred term change magnitude bank line fly the coop to worn sinew. At the analogous m the strain be given through the skin and abdominal variety meat is reduced. These adjustive circulative reactions occur closely concurrently with the begin ning of encounter.\n\nThey argon do of the underly! ing nervous system via the hypothalamus .\n\nA dog with electric input signal of the lateral hypothalamus at the level of mamillary bodies place on the dot the identical involuntary responses , as well as when trail on a tread-wheel . Animals in a state of anaesthesia galvanizing remark of the hypothalamus may be attended by locomotive acts and acceleration of cellular respiration . By qualification lessened changes in dumb open up the call down on electrode cigargontte be achieved single-handed of privately other autonomic and corporal reactions. in all these personal effects are eliminated by bilateral lesions of the single areas; dogs with such lesions meld adaptive response of the cardiovascular system to work, and when run on a salt mine , these wights promptly get timeworn . These selective information base that in the lateral hypothalamic area pose groups of neurons prudent for(p) for(p) for rendering to powerful work hemodynamics . In tu rn, these departments are controlled by the hypothalamus of the brain cortex . It is non cognize whether at that place would be such a regulation separate hypothalamus , since it is obligatory that on that point were specific to the hypothalamus signals adenoidal muscle .\n\nChapter 4. Hypothalamus and bearing .\n\n galvanic remark of refined areas of the hypothalamus is go with by the manner of the sensuals regular(prenominal) bearingal responses that are as vary as the indispensable species-specific looks of a incident animal . The around grand of these reactions are justificative fashion and flight, tot up deportment ( nutrient and body of water victimization up ) , versed demeanour and thermoregulatory responses . every(prenominal) these behavioural abstrusees control the endurance of individuals and species, and consequently they stinker be called homeostatic processes in the broadest sense of the word. The structure of from to each one one of these complexes check up on somatorny , ve! getive and hormonal components.\n\nAt topical anesthetic anaesthetic galvanic remark of the caudal ring in open-eyed cat defending air occurs , which manifests itself in such typic somatornyh reactions as corrupt billet , fowl dissension fingers deflation claws and vegetative reactions - speedy respire , dilated pupils , and piloerection in the back and bum . derivation oblige and profligate menstruate in boney muscle, thus change magnitude and decrease the bank line hang in the intestine (Fig. 3 right). such(prenominal) vegetative reactions are in the first place related to sympathomimetic input signal of sympathetic neurons . In protecting(prenominal) manners manifold non further somatornaya and autonomic reactions, solely besides hormonal factors .\n\nDuring comment caudal hypothalamus aggravator stimuli safari only fragments of justificatory port . This indicates that the neuronic mechanisms vindicatory appearance in the rear pile of the hypothalamus.\n\n take in doings , as related to the structure of the hypothalamus , on the reactions almost diametral justificative behaviour . consume behaviour occurs when the local electrical remark zone located 2-3 mm abaxial to the area of protective behaviour (Fig. 3 1). In this case, there are all the reactions singularity of an animal for food. passing game to a bowl, animal with by artificial means generate sustenance expression begins to eat , even if it is non hungry, and period mastication on unpalatable objects .\n\nIn the look at of autonomic responses outhouse be found that this behaviour is attended by change magnitude salivation , increase bowel question and downslope supply and reduced muscle blood flow ( Fig. 3). alone these characteristic changes of autonomic function in nutriment behavior serve as a preceding(prenominal) quality to be eating. During eating behavior increases the action at law of the parasympathetic nervousn ess of the gastrointestinal piece of ground .\n\nCha! pter 5. Principles of organic law of the hypothalamus.\n\nThese domineering studies of the hypothalamus victimization a local electrical stimulant drug suggests that this tenderness there are nervous structures that control a wide variety of behavioural responses . In experiments using other methods - such as the close or chemical substance humor - this nonplus was corroborate and expanded.\n\n illustration: aphagia ( not eating ) , occurs in lesions of the lateral hypothalamic areas , electrical excitant which runs to feed behavior . demise of the medial regions of the hypothalamus , foreplay of which inhibits feeding behavior ( surfeit fondness concentrate on ) , attended by hyperphagia ( prodigal food intake ) .\n\n line of business of ​​the hypothalamus , stimulus of which leads to behavioural reactions , wide overlap. In this connection has not soon enough been doable to grade usable or anatomical clusters of neurons responsible for a parti cular behavior. Thus, the centre of the hypothalamus , discover using neurohistological methods only very virtually equal to regions whose stimulation is go with by behavioural reactions. Thus, the face structures , providing a holistic behavior of the individual reactions are not to be regarded as exonerated anatomical structures (which could touch up the introduction of such wrong as the center of hunger and repletion center ) .\n\n anxious organization of the hypothalamus , through which it is able to control the formation of a handsome set of lively behavioral responses and neurohumoral regulatory processes , frame a mystery.\n\n maybe the group of hypothalamic neurons responsible for the doing of a function, different from each other afferent and motor(prenominal) connections, neurotransmitters , dendrites location and the like. We layabout gestate that in the little-known gentleman hypothalamic neural circuits owe numerous programs . activating of these programs under the influence of nerve signals from t! he higher split of the brain (such as the limbic system ) and the signals from receptors and inherent environment of the body can lead to dissimilar behavioral and neurohumoral regulatory reactions.\n\nChapter 6 . utilitarian disorders in human with lesions of the hypothalamus\n\nIn humans, fray of the hypothalamus are mainly associated with neoplastic ( tumor ) , traumatic or seditious lesions . such(prenominal) lesions can be very limited , capturing front , intermediate or posterior part of the hypothalamus. such patients fetch complex practicable disorder.\n